Microsoft's Current Development Strategy Case Study

Microsoft's Current Development Strategy - Case Study Example As an organization, Microsoft values trustworthiness, genuineness, receptiveness, individual greatness, productive self-analysis, persistent personal growth, and common regard. They are focused on their clients and accomplices and have an enthusiasm for innovation. They take on huge difficulties. They consider themselves responsible to their clients, investors, accomplices, and workers by regarding their duties, giving outcomes, and making progress toward the most noteworthy quality.Microsoft’s smash hit items are the Microsoft Windows working framework and the Microsoft Office set-up of profitability programming. These items have conspicuous situations in the work station advertise, with piece of the pie gauges as high as 90% or more starting at 2003 for Microsoft Office and 2006 for Microsoft Windows, in accordance with the organization's unique strategic a PC on each work area and in each home, running Microsoft software.Microsoft has toeholds in different markets other tha n working frameworks and office suites, with resources, for example, the MSNBC satellite broadcasting company, the MSN Internet entryway, and the Microsoft Encarta interactive media reference book. The organization likewise showcases both PC equipment items, for example, the Microsoft mouse and home amusement items, for example, the Xbox, Xbox 360, Zune and MSN TV. Referred to for what is commonly depicted as an engineer driven business culture, Microsoft has truly given client care over Usenet newsgroups and the World Wide Web, and grants Microsoft MVP status to volunteers who are esteemed useful in helping the organization's clients.

Prison Overcrowding

This paper will talk about jail packing and what sort of numbers have occurred throughout the years with regards to prisoners being detained. It will examine the expense of a detainee every year just as the choice to include refrains manufacture with regards to new offices. The congestion in one specific jail will be addressed just as whose obligation it is for upkeep. It will talk about how financing assumes a job in congestion just as the â€Å"three strikes† rule in California and how huge of an effect it has made on the jail system.Lastly, society’s decision to cast a ballot will be addressed as how huge of a deciding variable it is in congestion detainment facilities. State and Federal Prisons housed roughly 1. 3 million detainees in the year 2000, also the correctional facilities had a gauge of 600,000 too. Ten years past the detainment facilities housed 700,000 prisoners and correctional facilities were at around 400,000. At that rate, the number of inhabitants i n individuals being detained nearly multiplied from 1. 1 million to 1. 9 million prisoners. The last include in 2008 hopped again to a surprising 2. million detained inside the nation (Diiulio, Jr. , J. , 2010, March). Variables that add to jail and prison packing is that such huge numbers of individuals are imprisoned every year, financing, upkeep of an office, the three strikes rule and citizens are reluctant to pass levees. Probably the biggest explanation penitentiaries are stuffed today is that it is accounted for that one out of each 99. 1 grown-ups are at present in jail or prison. This is the biggest number in nation’s history and multiple times the detainee rate from 1973.Amazingly ninety-five percent of detainees are discharged go into networks to keep living their lives. They are not abandoned; they are discharged â€Å"with essential instruction, work preparing and planning, improved master social example of reasoning, satisfactory life/social abilities, and a br ought down hazard for substance misuse, outrage and confidence issues† (Boehm, D. P. , and Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). On the off chance that a detainee needs proceeded with treatment once discharged, they are given the help and assets to make the change as fruitful as possible.Even when a detainee was on a crazy medicine when discharged they are snared with a territorial emotional wellness and substance misuse focus to make their reemergence as prospering (Boehm, D. P. , and Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). At 157 percent limit, San Quintin State Prison, a most extreme security jail is no uncertainty packed and it costs about $49,000 every year for a grown-up prisoner to be housed in the San Quintin State Prison (Sterngold, J. , 2008, July/August). Citizens are reluctant to pass levees to manufacture offices to house detainees which lead to a congestion prison.The criminal equity framework needs to have more grounded sentences for wrongdoings to stop individuals from cul pable in the first place and not discharge detainees ahead of schedule due to congestion. Prisoners are being discharged early on the grounds that there are insufficient beds to hold the entirety of the hoodlums. At long last it prompts a higher crime percentage on the grounds that the inmate’s check of being discharged early and they are not being transformed. An approach to decrease subsidizing issues is to have detainees deal with their own offices like they would their homes.Cleaning supplies can be given to the prisoners and it very well may be their business to clean the showers. It ought not be the obligation of the jail staff to keep the office clean, the prisoners ought to be given obligations and be considered responsible or compelled to live in the conditions they take into account themselves. Assets ought not be taken from the citizens to pay somebody to tidy up after the detainees, the taxpayers’ assets could be utilized for security and working to foresta ll extra congestion. The issue with numerous correctional facilities and penitentiaries today is the upkeep.Most offices today don't have the subsidizing to manufacture a fresh out of the plastic new office however what requirements to happen is to make the increases and redesigns progressively proficient. Supplanting a heater or cooling framework for a spot a gigantic as a jail could be very tedious and costly particularly on the off chance that the more up to date model isn't the most effective and, at that point must be supplanted over and over rashly. The most ideal approach to go through the taxpayers’ cash is to purchase the most vitality proficient and best model and not supplant it as regularly. As the deep rooted saying, â€Å"you get what you pay for. The equivalent goes for different materials while doing an expansion or fixing a current structure, the overseers need to set aside the effort to research and see what the best materials are for life span and go throu gh cash astutely (Lucas, R. , 2009, November/December).As Robert Lucas (2009) stated, â€Å"Money spent well toward the start of an undertaking may spare the office from spending more later on. † Like California, numerous different states have the â€Å"three strikes† rule and one of each nine of the detainees who are on their third strike get 25 to life sentence (Haerens, M. , 2010, May 15). This standard adds to the vercrowding issue which an individual is occupying more room in correctional facilities and penitentiaries. For instance, if an individual is accused multiple times of lawful offense sedate dealing and is struck to the heart that would be the third offense and would serve quarter century to life in prison. A rough guilty party, similar to a killer, could that the spot of that individual and decay in prison and make the network more secure, it is the lesser of two shades of malice. There are numerous variables that add to jail and prison packing, subsidizi ng, upkeep, three strikes rule, citizens not having any desire to pass levees and the way that such huge numbers of individuals every year are incarcerated.Funding can be diverted if the redesigns were made all the more productively around the penitentiaries. To help set aside cash, detainees can carry out every day responsibilities and have duties around the jail and prison grounds. The three strikes rule should be changed to concentrate on fierce violations. Citizens need to quit whining about hoodlums in the network except if they are happy to pass the levees to construct correctional facilities and detainment facilities to decrease the probability of overcrowding.References Boehm, D. P. , and Lampert, R. O. (2008, October). Thinking Outside the Cell: Expanding Safety and Security Beyond the Perimeter. Amendments Today, 70 (5). p. 4-61, Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Resource Center. Diiulio, Jr. , J. (2010, March). Jail Breakout. America,202 (6). p. 11, Retrieved from Ac ademic Search Premier Resource Center. Haerens, M. (2010, May 15). California’s â€Å"Three Strikes† Law Is Fair. † Opposing Viewpoints: Mandatory Minimum Sentencing. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Lucas, R. (2009, November/December). To Build or Not To Build? American Jails,23 (5). p. 4&93, Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodicals Index Resource Center. Sterngold, J. (2008, July/August). Most noticeably awful of the Worst. Mother Jones, 33 (4). Jail Overcrowding This paper will examine jail packing and what sort of numbers have come to fruition throughout the years with regards to prisoners being detained. It will examine the expense of a detainee every year just as the choice to include refrains manufacture with regards to new offices. The congestion in one specific jail will be addressed just as whose duty it is for upkeep. It will talk about how financing assumes a job in congestion just as the â€Å"three strikes† rule in California and how huge of an effect it has made on the jail system.Lastly, society’s decision to cast a ballot will be addressed as how enormous of a deciding component it is in congestion detainment facilities. State and Federal Prisons housed roughly 1. 3 million prisoners in the year 2000, also the correctional facilities had a gauge of 600,000 too. Ten years past the penitentiaries housed 700,000 detainees and prisons were at around 400,000. At that rate, the number of inhabitants in individuals being imprisoned nearly multiplied from 1. 1 million to 1. 9 million detainees. The last include in 2008 hopped again to a shocking 2. million detained inside the nation (Diiulio, Jr. , J. , 2010, March). Components that add to jail and prison packing is that such a significant number of individuals are imprisoned every year, financing, upkeep of an office, the three strikes rule and citizens are reluctant to pass levees. Probably the biggest explanation penitentiaries are packed today is that it is accounted for that one out of each 99. 1 grown-ups are as of now in jail or prison. This is the biggest number in nation’s history and multiple times the detainee rate from 1973.Amazingly ninety-five percent of detainees are discharged go into networks to keep living their lives. They are not abandoned; they are discharged â€Å"with fundamental instruction, work preparing and readiness, improved star social example of reasoning, sufficient life/social abilities, and a brought down ha zard for substance misuse, outrage and confidence issues† (Boehm, D. P. , and Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). On the off chance that a detainee needs proceeded with treatment once discharged, they are given the help and assets to make the progress as fruitful as possible.Even when a detainee was on a crazy medicine when discharged they are snared with a territorial emotional well-being and substance misuse focus to make their reemergence as prospering (Boehm, D. P. , and Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). At 157 percent limit, San Quintin State Prison, a most extreme security jail is no uncertainty stuffed and it costs about $49,000 every year for a grown-up detainee to be housed in the San Quintin State Prison (Sterngold, J. , 2008, July/August). Citizens are reluctant to pass levees to assemble offices to house detainees which lead to a congestion prison.The criminal equity framework needs to have more grounded sentences for wrongdoings to deflect individuals from culpable in any case and not discharge detainees ahead of schedule due to congestion. Detainees are being discharged early on the grounds that there are insufficient beds to hold the entirety of the lawbreakers. In th

Care Of Suprapubic Catheter Protocol Health And Social Care Essay

Care Of Suprapubic Catheter Protocol Health And Social Care Essay Urinary catheterization is utilized in roughly 15% to 25% of all hospitalized patients (Griffiths Fernandez, 2007). A doctor may choose when it is proper for a catheter to be utilized as a feature of a patients restorative routine. There are diverse catheter alternatives for patients relying upon every individual circumstance. Urethral urinary catheters are generally chosen and utilized in momentary cases, and require no medical procedure (Khan Abrams, 2008). A suprapubic catheter, (SPC), requires a surgery and has a more drawn out recuperation time. As indicated by one Urologist, the proportion of urethral urinary catheters to suprapubic catheters utilized explicitly in his training was 300:1 (J. Banno, individual correspondence, February 13, 2011). This depends on doctor inclination just as length the patient should have the catheter set up. For the situation where long haul catheterization is shown, SPC have become the unrivaled alternative (Khan Abrams, 2008). While the underlyin g inclusion of a suprapubic catheter remains the obligation of a doctor, it is inside the extent of training for a medical caretaker to furnish care and trade the tubing with the best possible instructing (Illinois Compiled Statutes, 2008). Because of this change, emergency clinic frameworks have instituted conventions that permit enrolled medical caretakers (RNs) to play out the suprapubic catheter trade. Changes ought to be performed by staff that have been satisfactorily trained with respect to the method for changing the catheter, and can recognize potential inconveniences of SPC changes. Furthermore, offering the choice of patients and their parental figures to be prepared is likewise significant in adding to the patients freedom (Harrison, Lawrence, Morley, Pearce, Taylor, 2011). The strategy of a suprapubic catheter trade has been performed by RNs in the network setting with a current convention, and all the more as of late that this assignment be completed inside in the clin ic has been investigated. This strategy is finished by the relatives, guardians, and even the patient themselves in a release at home setting securely and productively for a long time (Anderson, 2002). Accordingly including this convention into an intense consideration setting for RNs to finish in the emergency clinic setting is a pragmatic usage. A medical attendant drove, outpatient benefits in Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton has been playing out the suprapubic catheter additions since 2004, and the program had a 89% fruitful rate over a time of two or three years (Khan Abrams, 2008). This investigation shows proof that medical attendants are able to do adequately dealing with a patients suprapubic catheter Since there is no current convention for suprapubic catheter trade or patient consideration by RNs inside the Advocate Christ Hospital framework, improvement of such a convention has been expressly mentioned by partners remembering doctors and attendant for the executives insid e the framework. At the point when staff preparing and training is poor, there is a probability of an expansion in confusions (Harrison et al., 2011). Practice rules better empowers nurture in furnishing patients with their particular consideration needs. The objective for this venture was to make a suprapubic catheter care and trade convention dependent on the best proof accessible with the goal that these necessities can be met. Audit of Literature A suprapubic catheter is a urinary waste framework embedded into the bladder by means of an entry point through the foremost stomach divider, and might be is utilized when a urethral catheter is contraindicated. A suprapubic catheter is a mainstream decision for patients needing long haul catheter situation and replaces the requirement for an inhabiting catheter. Suprapubic catheters comprise of 4% of hospitalized patients with urethral catheters in situ (Rigby, 2009). Albeit a little level of suprapubic catheters are utilized contrasted with other urinary catheter choices, there is little writing of distributed rules identified with suprapubic catheter the board, and simultaneously there is a developing need to expand familiarity with both the dangers and advantages of utilizing a SPC (Harrison et al., 2011). Making this data open may expand the effective utilization of the gadget in future patient consideration. Signs Suprapubic catheters are utilized for a wide assortment of patients, and for various reasons. A catheter addition might be an elective method, or occur in a crisis circumstance relying upon every patient conditions. Neurological ailment, urinary incontinence, postoperative consideration, bladder injury, and palliative consideration are generally reasons a clinician may consider utilizing a suprapubic catheter in a patients care (Harrison et al., 2011). A considerable lot of these conditions require long haul catheterization, and every patient and their doctor need to examine if a SPC choice is a methodology that best accommodates their particular way of life. Directly, SPCs have gotten more predominant than inhabiting catheters for patients who require long haul catheterization (Khan Abrams, 2008). This might be because of the upkeep of these catheters over a more drawn out timeframe. Contraindications In specific situations, a SPC ought not be utilized. These include: bladder malignant growth, if the patient is accepting antiplatelet treatment, nearness of stomach divider sepsis, or if a subcutaneous vascular unite in the stomach region exists (Harrison et al., 2011). Points of interest Points of interest for the situation of a suprapubic catheter contrasted with a urethral urinary catheter are confirm in the instances of a urethral blockage; there is less frequency of spillage in SPC, and a diminished danger of weight sore harm in wheelchair clients. SPC will in general be increasingly agreeable and explicitly non-hindering. With the utilization of SPC there is less possibility of catheter movement. Studies recommend a lower frequency of bladder malignant growth in patients made do with a SPC, under 0.39% more than 5 years, contrasted with inhabiting urethral catheters (Khan, Matheur, Timoney, 2007). Suprapubic catheters have been appeared to have a lower disease rates than catheters put transurethral. An investigation found that 26% of the transurethral bunch experienced a urinary tract disease refrains just 6% of the patients with the supra pubic catheters (Wells, Steed, Capstick, Schepanksy, Hiltz, Faught, 2008). Inconveniences In spite of the fact that SPC is a decent choice for some urethral catheter beneficiaries, there are impediments medical caretakers and patients should know about when thinking about SPC in situ. Some potential disservices include: perilous inside aperture, urethral spillage and fit, expanded frequency of stone development, and adjustment of self-perception. One investigation found that in 185 instances of SPC addition, 2.7% occurrence of inside aperture happened with one frequency that had a lethal result (Harrison et al., 2011). SPC is likewise contraindicated in patients with bladder malignancy. Specialized issues, for instance speed of reinsertion, can likewise bring about disservices of SPC utilization (Rigby, 2009). It is significant that if a catheter expelled just when another one can be reinserted promptly to keep away from inconveniences. (See inconvenience area) SPC inclusion The underlying inclusion method requires careful aptitude, exceptional gear, and extra preparing; it is in this way thought to be a surgery directed by a doctor. After the underlying inclusion, the catheter is typically left set up for 4 a month and a half to permit the cystostomy channel time to frame (Rigby, 2009; Robinson, 2008; Wimpenny, 2010). This permits time for the catheter track to develop. Ensuing changes following the main change ought to be done each 6 to about two months and should be possible by a prepared RN or parental figure (Robinson, 2008; Wimpenny, 2010). For consistently that the catheter remains set up around 5% of patients will create bacteriuria and up to half may advance more than multi week, and for all intents and purposes all patients requiring inhabiting urinary catheters for longer than a month become bacteriuria (Dixon, 2010; Rigby, 2009). Having prepared staff accessible to trade the catheter in an auspicious manner may help decline these dangers. Convention Need Inside an emergency clinic framework, it is significant for conventions of explicit methods to be composed bit by bit with the goal that rules can be trailed by staff individuals so predictable consideration is given. Strategies and systems give direction in quiet consideration to medical caretakers and endeavor to accomplish the objective of safe practice (Long, Burkett, McGee, 2009). Including consistency inside a medical clinic framework can help convey desires for the patient and medicinal services staff. As indicated by the Guidelines for Use of Medical Protocols (2004), every convention ought to be individualized for various kinds of patients, incorporate a time period required for quiet assessments, well as be promptly accessible to heath care staff. Numerous assignments that a medical attendant uses while giving consideration to require forward-thinking, proof based data made into a convention for the attendant to follow to guarantee the most uniform consideration. As per Bal akas, Potter, Pratt, Rae, Williams (2009), offices including the Magnet Recognition Program have joined proof based practice and research as topics for their associations to improve the instruction of the medicinal services experts. Making a suprapubic catheter trade convention is fundamental so medical caretakers can be prepared and can execute this undertaking utilizing a bit by bit rule of care. Nursing Care Appropriate consideration for a suprapubic catheter is foremost in forestalling future complexities, for example, contamination, and guaranteeing the catheters usefulness for whatever length of time that conceivable. It is imperative to keep up a decent standard of tidiness to decrease the danger of disease (Robinson, 2008). While a patient is hospitalized, it is the duty of the medicinal services group to guarantee that the inclusion site is fittingly kept up. Nursing care for a suprapubic catheter site ought to be evaluated once every move and moves ought to be made relying upon the discoveries. Disease. Medical caretakers have the obligation to ass

George Washingtons - Successful Planter, Surveyor and Commander - Free Essay Example

If I was given the opportunity to meet someone famous from the past, it would definitely be George Washington. As one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, George Washington will never be forgotten. He possessed perseverance and courage, qualities of an ideal leader. I would be honored if I had the chance to meet him because he motivates me to inspire others, just as he inspires me. He was well-known for becoming the first president of the United States and leading the Continental Army to victory during the American Revolution. Washington was also president of the Constitutional Convention and worked to ensure the Constitution was ratified. As president, Washington established the tradition of a cabinet of advisers, appointed the first members to the Supreme Court, and set the precedent of a two-term limit for American presidents. He became so well-known that the capital of the United States was named in his honor. George Washington died on December 14, 1799, but his influence on our nations founding lives on forever. His numerous contributions to our country make him the most significant person throughout American history. I would want to meet George Washington because it would be an unforgettable experience to ask him questions about our fight for freedom. These are a few questions I would ask. Which battle contributed the most to the Patriots victory? Would Washington choose the Battle of Trenton or perhaps the Battle of Saratoga? I would also ask, Did you ever consider surrendering to the British? If so, at what point in the war did you feel this way? Finally, I would ask, Do you think the Patriots could have still won the war without the support of France? If I had the chance to meet George Washington, his responses to these questions would be enlightening. Another reason I would want to meet George Washington is to learn more about his presidency. For instance, I would like to know why he chose Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury. Was Washington satisfied with how they carried out their responsibilities? Would he choose Jefferson and Hamilton again? In addition, I would like to know the most difficult challenge Washington faced as president and how he handled it. Learning firsthand about Washingtons presidency would be a very interesting and beneficial experience. As Henry Lee stated in Washingtons eulogy, he was first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. George Washington was the epitome of this statement. He followed through with his promises, learned from his mistakes, and was humble during times of triumph. Washington always believed in his men and treated them with an enormous amount of respect. Although Washington faced many obstacles during his lifetime, they did not prevent him from achieving success. George Washington was an exceptional individual. I admire him greatly because of his impeccable character. This is why I would most certainly choose to meet George Washington.

Introduction. Unions Have Played A Big Role In Protecting

Introduction Unions have played a big role in protecting employees, but we have come a long way from the lessons we have learned of the past situations. In the 19th century the US became a new world for immigrants to produce a new life, working conditions required hard work, fighting, long hours for little pay, but most importantly, the unsafe conditions and manual labor that was bestowed upon these workers. This created labors to start a union, but there have been some major issues that ended badly such as the Haymarket riot, the homestead strike, and the Pullman strike, but it took these problems to form a better working conditions for the labor’s. We have learned from the past that employers try to get away with such acts, that laws†¦show more content†¦This riot was planned to be a peaceful riot for a strike on an 8-hour day, ended up turning into a battle between protesters and the police. Before the Haymarket Riot, there were unions formed such as the Knights of Labor and ot her unions, which this riot ended up hurting them after. When these unions formed, they were relatively radical since they included women, blacks, immigrants and unskilled workers and for that they wanted workers to have more control over the factories where they worked. Employers did not like this and did not want the employees to have any control over the factories so this caused factories to close and people lost their jobs. But when the strike began it was to be a peaceful strike that ended up a battle between the police and strikers and loss of life. Homestead Strike The Homestead strike was considered among one of the most violent labor disputes in history as the union wanted contracts and Management locked out workers from their jobs, which owners wanted to open up jobs to non-union workers. The Homestead Strike, however, was organized and purposeful, a harbinger of the type of strike that would mark the modern age of labor relations in the United States (Boundless, 2017). Owners were out to make profit so they ended up closing factories and hired workers that were nonunion. You still see this today or if unions strike, the company will bring in non-union members to work, until a deal is made, but what we learned in the past is hopefullyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Interpol1457 Words   |  6 Pagescountries, exchange information which is relevant and valuable and providing both regional focus and global perspective. Simultaneously remembering respect for human rights and such issues. Under such a broad perspective problems must have turned up. Some of the main and most important issues and problems will be analysed throughout. 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The Impact of Mobile Devices on Cyber Security - 1132 Words

The Impact of Mobile Devices on Cyber security: The modern society including corporate environments has been characterized by the proliferation of mobile devices. The increased use of these devices is attributed to the significant opportunities they bring and their contribution towards enhanced communication. However, the increased use of mobile devices has been accompanied by considerable concerns regarding the privacy of personal information and sensitive corporate data that are stored on them. In essence, mobile devices have significant impacts on cyber-security because the type of data stored and accessed on the devices contributes to heightened security risks. Despite the significant benefits associated with the increased use of†¦show more content†¦These organizations have justified their actions by citing the proliferation of personal devices in the past few years. Consequently, there are twice as many personal devices in the working environment as compared to se veral years ago. While the increased connectivity of personal devices to corporate networks has some advantages, the trend has increased security risks and cyber attacks. Actually, in the past few years, more than 60 percent of workers in organizations allowing connectivity of personal devices to corporate networks have reported an increase in security threats and cyber attacks on the organizations (â€Å"The Impact of Mobile Devices on Information Security†, 2012). These individuals have stated that most of the security risks and cyber attacks have been brought by the use of mobile devices in corporate networks. Lack of Awareness and Carelessness: The second major way through which the increased use of mobile devices contributes to more cyber security issues is through lack of awareness of and carelessness regarding the impact of mobile data on security. 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Empirical Challenges of the Efficient Market Hypothesis free essay sample

Following its initial proposition, the efficient market hypothesis has remained one of the most important topics of debate in the financial and economic literature. This paper provides a discussion of the empirical challenges of the hypothesis. 2. Efficient Market Hypothesis: Theory and Empirical Challenges There are three forms of the efficient market hypothesis: (i) the weak-form; (ii) the semi strong-from; and (iii) the strong-form (Fama, 1970, 1991). The weak-form suggests that asset prices already reflect all stock market information meaning that stock market information cannot be used to make abnormal returns on a risk-adjusted based. The semi strong-from suggests that in addition to stock market information, stock prices also reflect all publicly available information such as price-to-book ratios, dividend yield, price-to-cash flow and price-to-earnings ratios. The semi strong-form means that abnormal returns cannot be made by trading on stock market data and any other information that is disclosed to the general public about stocks (Reilly and Brown, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Empirical Challenges of the Efficient Market Hypothesis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, the strong-form states that security prices reflect both public and private information (Reilly and Brown, 2009). The empirical evidence on the efficient market hypothesis is mixed. Some studies have showed that the efficient market hypothesis is valid while others have identified imperial challenges to the hypothesis. This paper will focus on the empirical challenges. One group of studies suggest that the idea that stock returns follow a random walk has no theoretical underpinning (e. g. , Niederhoffer and Osborne, 1966; Lo and MacKinlay, 1988; Poterba and Summers,1988). All these studies show that stock returns do not follow a random walk as suggested by the EMH. Other studies have shown that the hypothesis is only valid in developed stock markets. Accordingly emerging market stock returns can be predicted which raises serious concerns over the validity of the efficient market hypothesis in these markets (e. g. , D’Ambrosio, 1980; Harvey, 1993; Balaban, 1995; Grieb and Reyes, 1999; Kawakatsu and Morey, 1999). The idea that stock returns can be predicted in emerging market economies has enabled investors in developed stock markets to diversify the risk of their portfolios and enhance their returns by including emerging market assets as part of their portfolios (Harvey, 1993). Another body of research has observed the presence of stock market anomalies. For example Debondt and Thaler (1985) argue that stock markets tend to either overreact or underreact to information suggesting that the markets are not as efficient as the EMH suggests. In addition, Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) observe that stock prices tend to persist in a particular direction of movement suggesting the presence of momentum profits. These profits can be made by adopting a strategy that shorts stocks that performed poorly in the past and buying those that performed well in the past. Another commonly documented anomaly is the observation of premiums on low market-to-book value stocks, low price-to-earnings stocks; and low price-dividend stocks (e. g. , Banz, 1981; Reinganum, 1981). The documentation of premiums is also a challenge to the EMH because in an efficient market there should be no premium on a particular investment strategy. Following the documentation of the above stock market anomalies and the empirical evidence against the EMH a new finance theory known as behavioural finance theory has emerged with the objective of explaining the presence and persistence of stock market anomalies (Bodie et al. 2007). According to behavioural finance theory, investor behaviour is influenced by psychological factors, which means that stock market anomalies can be attributed to psychological-based theories. The investment decisions of individuals and the behaviour of stock prices are systematically influenced by the structure of market information as well as the charac teristics of investors (Bodie et al. , 2007). Behavioural finance theorists argue against the efficient market hypothesis on the grounds that the assumptions underlying the EMH are unrealistic. The traditional EMH framework assumes that investors are rational. However, Barberies and Thaler (2003) argue that this assumption is â€Å"too simple and very appealing†. While some investors may be rational in their thinking, it is difficult to conceptualise the behaviour of investors based solely on rationality. Some of the actions of investors are irrational and as such basing the EMH on a rational framework can lead to misleading conclusions about the efficiency of markets (Barberies et al. , 1998; Hong and Stern, 1999; Baberies and Thaler, 2003). Investors do not react to information in the manner in which the efficient market hypothesis suggests. Investors tend to initially overreact or underreact to information when it is first made available to the market (Barberies et al. , 1998; Hong and Stern, 1999). This means that the EMH is only a temporal phenomenon. During a market overreaction or underreaction, investors who have insight on what the right direction of movement should be can make abnormal returns on a risk adjusted basis by designing trading strategies consistent with the long-run reversal of the stock price to its true intrinsic value. Despite the overwhelming challenges highlighted above against the EMH, proponents of the EMH have argued that these anomalies cannot be attributed to failure on the part of market efficiency. Schwert (2004) contends that anomalies are wrongly attributed to failure of maret efficiency whereas other factors such as inadequacies in asset pricing models could be at work. The argument by Schwert (2004) is consistent with Fama and French (1993, 1996) who argue that the standard capital asset pricing model by Sharpe (1964); and Lintner (1965) cannot adequately explain the cross-section of stock returns. Fama and French (1993, 1996) showed that when a three-factor model is used, most of the anomalies disappear. With respect to overreaction and underreaction, Fama (1998) argues that the frequencies of overreactions and underreactions tend to be equal. The even split between overreaction and underreaction results in a zero overreaction. Consequently, the EMH cannot be rejected on the basis of overreaction and underreaction. Moreover, Fama (1998) contends that overreactions occur as a result of chance. Studies that document overreaction and underreaction have been accused of using bad models. Responding to behavioural theorists, Rubinstein (2001) argues that if investor irrationality affects stock prices, it will most likely be manifested through overconfidence which should make markets more efficient rather than inefficient. For example, it has been observed that mutual funds despite their active management tend not to outperform passive investment strategies (Jensen, 1968; Rubinestein, 2001). Schwert (2004) further observes that stock market anomalies tend to disappear or reverse after their discovery suggesting that anomalies reflect a temporal mispricing in stock markets. Once enough arbitrageurs have taken appropriate action against the mispricing, stock markets return to normal. 3. Conclusions and Recommendations Three different forms of the EMH have been suggested. The EMH has been a subject of debate and has been subject to a number of empirical challenges. Studies argue that the EMH does not hold because stock market anomalies continue to be documented. In addition, some argue that the EMH is only valid in developed stock markets and invalid in emerging markets. Furthermore behavioural theorists contend that the framework of the EMH is based on rational expectations whereas investors tend not to be rational in their thinking and behaviour. However, proponents of the hypothesis suggest that studies that reject the EMH are characterised by inherent weaknesses in their methodologies. For example, Fama (1998) attribute anomalies to the use of bad models to test the EMH. In addition, Fama and French (1993, 1996) argue that the cross-section of stock returns is a function of three factors (market factor, size factor and the book-to-market factor) and not a function of a single factor (market factor) as suggested in Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965). As can be observed, there is no point of agreement between the two groups of researchers. The opinion of this paper is that stock markets are efficient. The main issue is that researchers investigating the hypothesis tend to use models that may not be appropriate in testing the hypothesis.