Factors of the $787 Economic Stimulus Package

Introduction The $787 stimulus bill was approved by President Obama on February 17 2009. It is one of the most expensive bills to be ever passed in the history of the United States. It received a minimum votes from the Democrats and none of the Republicans voted for it. This paper looks at the over view of the stimulus package, ideology and arguments of a Republican and a Democrat, and concludes by giving a personal view of the bill.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Factors of the $787 Economic Stimulus Package specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overview of the $787 Stimulus Package The $787 stimulus package was passed into law on February 15 2009. President Obama gave his final approval despite the opposition from the Republicans. The purpose of the bill was to jumpstart the economy of the United States which was negatively affected by the Great Depression. It was passed by the Senate through a minimum vot e of 60-30; just what was required for the bill to be approved. The stimulus’s main elements are; job creation, improvement in health care, tax relief for families, and development in infrastructure, education, and energy sector (Calmes Carl, 2009). The costs included: $40 B for creation of employment opportunities and increasing the unemployment benefits $46 B investment in infrastructure $115 B income tax credits $5 B low-income programs $6 B grants The Stimulus bill is the most sweeping bills in the history of the U.S. and its passage was not without difficulties. Democrats and Republicans engaged in arguments some discussing for and others against the bill. None of the republicans voted in favor of the bill. Moreover not all the Democrats voted for the bill as seven members voted against it. The Democrats argued that, the bill would create more than 3 million job opportunities while the republicans argued that, if the bill was passed into law, the future of the economy would be threatened and would be saddled with debt. They also noted that they had been given very little time to read and understand the enormous bill before it was released and the decision to pass the bill was not just. The approval of the stimulus bill was expected to help all U.S. citizens, for instance new buyers of a car or a house would benefit from modest tax breaks on their purchases. It would also benefit low income earners through tax relief. It would provide Americans with a tax credit worth $400 for singles, and $800 for married couples. The taxpayer’s paycheck would increase by almost $8 on a weekly basis because of the tax credit which in turn would increase consumer spending. Retirees and disabled individuals would receive a tax credit worth 250 dollars and the unemployment benefits were increased (Calmes Carl, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the start of the negotiation process, the Republican had proposed a $440 billion bill including a stop measure to freeze in more spending on the GDP after a positive growth. On the other hand, the Democrats had proposed a $900 billion bill without stop gaps. After a long discussion, three Republican and Democrats agreed on a $780 billion although it was later adjusted to $787 billion which was approved and signed into law. Many Republicans were against this bill and argued that it would significantly increase government spending resulting in deficits in GDP and international debts. Ideology and Arguments of Republican Sen. Lindsay Graham Sen. Lindsay Graham (the Senate Budget Committee for South Caroline) is one of the Republicans who were strongly opposed to the bill. According to him, the bill was doomed to fail. This is because the bill would spend over one trillion dollars of the state’s money in a span of 10 years. Moreover, the bill does not have stop-gaps measures f or economic recovery. This means that if the bill is to be successful, government expenditure will have to increase considerably. Graham noted that only 11% of the bill would hit the economy in first year, and over 50% would not be spent in two years time. He also noted that the bill did not include the banking sector and it didn’t have anything to do with the housing market (Quinn, 2009). However, most democrats hold that these matters do not have anything to do with the economy, although, in reality, they are among the problems derailing the economy. Graham argued that, if the bill had focused more on housing and banking, the nation would have an opportunity to help its economy. The banking and the housing sectors are the economic engines in most of the developed countries and they play a great role in the financial sector. Graham refuted the Democrats argument that the bill will create jobs and that it would improve the economy. According to him, the democrats just rely on platitudes and not facts in making their arguments. For instance, they discuss about President Bush, but do nothing about the package. He commented that, â€Å"The people spoke, and I don’t think this is what they had in mind† (Issenberg Globe, 2009). According to him, the over 1, 000 page bill was an act of theft that would adversely affect the government by increasing federal deficits. Several of the Republicans noted that Obama’s approval of the massive bill without their cooperation was a betrayal of his campaign rhetoric concerning bipartisan consensus.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Factors of the $787 Economic Stimulus Package specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Graham said that â€Å"If this is going to be bipartisanship, the country is screwed. I know bipartisanship when I see it. I’ve participated in it. I have gone back home and gotten primary opponents because I wanted to be bipartisanship† (Amanpour, 2009). His rejection of the bill was based on lack of bipartisanship. The whole process was not bipartisan, it was a rammed process. It had been started with the idea that the democrats will win in writing the bill. The Senate was not even given enough time to read the 1,079 bill and be able to correct some of its clauses. For instance, Graham wondered about the connection between AMT and job creation which was included in the bill. Graham was not actually against the bill, but the gigantic spending which was not appropriately allocated. He would have supported the $440 billion bill since it included all that the government wanted to do to bring change, for instance, it cut taxes, had investment in infrastructure, and helped the unemployed people. What he did not understand is the need for the government sweeping stimulus package. Graham disapproval on the bill was based on facts that were not included in the bill. During a debate aired by the ABC news, Graham agreed that there was need for a stimulus package that focused on job creation. However, according to him 11% of the appropriated money was to be spent in 2009; this means that a large percentage of the money in the stimulus package is entitled to spending and is not aimed at creating jobs. About 27% goes to tax cut, and this is a very small percent because only $3 billion in given to small business which should have the biggest focus since more than 75% of the residents in the U.S are employed in small businesses. This means that out of $787 billion, only $3 billion goes to small businesses. This is not enough to create new job opportunities. This is where the Democrats missed the mark, instead on focusing on facts, they focused on issues that were not directly related to the mission they had at hand. If the bill was given more time, it would have been amended appropriately and would have received a majority votes (Anon. 2009). Ideology and Arguments of Demo crat Sen. Chuck Schumer According to Sen. Chuck Schumer (the Vice of the Joint Economic Committee), the bill would strengthen the nation’s economy by creating job opportunities for millions of U.S. citizens, it would also deliver a tax relief for majority of the workers (95%), help in the development of infrastructures particularly in the rural communities, create a positive impact on the education sector, and help in the improvement of the energy sector.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He notes that U.S. have had the worst economy since the era of the Great Depression and more than five hundred thousand people had been losing job opportunities every month. There was need to create more jobs and also preserve the ones which were still in existence (Saltonstall, 2009). This could not be done without the government having to incur extra costs in terms of spending. According to him, the stimulus bill would therefore be a strong package towards economic discovery. It would create more than 3 million jobs, it would increase the income of the middle class thereby increasing their spending patterns which in turn would boost the economy, and it would create a good infrastructure that makes traveling to and from work easy. Schumer differed with Graham’s argument that the stimulus bill was not good for the small businesses. According to him, the bill would help small businesses to expand thereby creating jobs. It would allow them to take up losses that had been incurr ed instead of paying taxes. And also the economic plan had made significant consideration for the small businesses. He however admitted that the stimulus bill was not perfect, but it was much better than doing nothing about the situation. It may seem that the bill is taking a significant part of the budget, but the results are worth it. By investing in infrastructure, especially roads and rails, the rural areas will be developed thus creating more job opportunities. People will have greater access to social amenities including health care services. Schumer did not find a reason for voting against the bill. According to him, the bill encompassed all sectors of the economy. For instance it focused on infrastructure development including water and sewer, energy and arts which is a key engine of economic growth in New York (Galbraith, 2011). Most of the people who voted against it are still the ones who had proposed that some things be taken out of the bill which was done. Schumer did n ot understand why they still voted against. He noted that the biggest amendments made to the bill were suggested by the Republicans, for instance the $70 billion, $38 billion for the AMT, and housing relief. There was no reason for opposing the bill since it had been amended as people had requested. He noted that â€Å"every one of the 435 House members and 100 senators can find some provisions they didn’t like in this bill† (Amanpour, 2009), but that was not reason enough to vote against the bill. There is nothing that is perfect and everything has its positive and negative side. Supporting the bill was an indication of the need for economic recovery from the effects of the Great depression (Baker, 2010). People need to come and reason together if a nation is to develop. What Schumer did not understand is why people would talk about the expensive bill but they never talked about the $1 trillion used during the Iraq war or the deficits of $800 billion incurred when Geo rge Bush was president. There was a reason to oppose the deficit spending, but there is no reason enough to oppose the tax cuts. Personal Opinion A bill that is expected to spend such a large sum of money should be discussed at length and every member concerned should be given ample time to air his/her view. It is true that the bill is a path into economic recovery, but the amount is gigantic. Spending a lot of money does not mean that the end results will be perfect rather the approach used determines the results. The banking sector has for a long time been known to be a key engine of development. Every activity done by the banks involves interests and there is no business activity that does not require the services of a bank. Instead of increasing the unemployment benefits and tax relief, the bill should have focused more on increasing youth funds, or other funds to be given out to entrepreneurs. This would result in job creation and the government would earn interests. The small businesses should also be given a larger percentage since most of the people are employed in these businesses which are not well developed. The passage of the bill by President Obama was rather a rush move given that it was his first bill to approve. I think he should have given the Democrats and the Republicans a longer period of time to discuss over the content of the bill. There is no single person who can be able to read and understand a document containing more than one thousand pages in a few hours. Moreover, the document in question is a public policy that should not be passed anyhow. Having all Republicans vote against the bill was not a coincidence but serious matter. It may even seem that some of the Democrats voted for the document, not because they fully understood its contents, but because they were in favor of it from the initial process. Reference List Amanpour, C. (2009). This week ‘Transcript: stimulus debate. Web. Anon. (2009). US Congress passes stimulus pla n. Web. Baker, P. (2010). Education of a President, the New York Times Magazine. Calmes, J. Carl H. (2009). Obama Considers Major Expansion in Aid to Jobless, The New York Times. Galbraith, K. (2011). Obama signs stimulus packed with Clean Energy Provisions. The New York Times. Issenberg, S. Globe, B. (2009). Congress Approves $787 Billion Stimulus Package. Web. Quinn, J. (2009). The 2009 Stimulus Package: A $787 Billion Horror Story. Web. Saltonstall, D. (2009). New York Gets Big Slice Presidents Obama’s Stimulus Package, Thanks To State’s Congressional Bigs. Web. This research paper on Factors of the $787 Economic Stimulus Package was written and submitted by user Deshawn Raymond to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

3 More Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers

3 More Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers 3 More Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers 3 More Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers By Mark Nichol These three sentences exemplify incorrect insertion or omission of hyphens in numerical references. Each sentence is accompanied by a discussion and a revision. 1. The two albums have sold close to 30-million copies combined worldwide. The combination of a numeral and a word expressing an order of magnitude is never hyphenated; the usage, a simplified version of the cluttered-looking numerical representation 3,000,000, is not a phrasal adjective: â€Å"The two albums have sold close to 30 million copies combined worldwide.† (This is true even when the number is a phrasal adjective: â€Å"The 30 million figure is unprecedented,† though it is better to relax such a statement to read, â€Å"The figure of 30 million is unprecedented.†) â€Å"The 30-million-dollar figure is unprecedented.† In such usage, the number is often spelled out: â€Å"The two albums have sold close to thirty million copies combined worldwide.† No hyphen is required in this case, either (â€Å"The thirty million figure is unprecedented†), though, again, it reads better in a more relaxed state (â€Å"The figure of thirty million is unprecedented†). When yet another word is included to form a phrasal adjective, however, whether the number is in numeral form or spelled out, hyphenate all three elements: â€Å"The 30-million-dollar figure is unprecedented†; â€Å"The thirty-million-dollar figure is unprecedented.† 2. These phases are often subdivided into 30, 60, and 90-day segments to manage specific milestones with greater precision. This sentence refers to segments of 30, 60, and 90 days’ duration, but the word day in the phrasal adjectives â€Å"30-day† and â€Å"60-day† has been elided because the use of the word in â€Å"90-day† makes it clear that the unit of time is implied for all three numbers. However, when this technique, called suspensive hyphenation, is employed, the hyphen must be retained after all three figures: â€Å"These phases are often subdivided into 30-, 60-, and 90-day segments to manage specific milestones with greater precision.† 3. We anticipate that significant unplanned outages of the network will occur approximately five-ten times a year. If the numbers in this sentence were treated as numerals, the correct style would be â€Å"5–10 times a year,† but an en dash should not be used in a number range when the numbers are spelled out (nor should a hyphen, which, as here, is often used erroneously in place of the dash): â€Å"We anticipate that significant unplanned outages of the network will occur approximately five to ten times a year.† (Some publications deliberately use hyphens in number ranges because a hyphen takes only a single keystroke to type.) Todays video: Both vs. Neither Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101The Difference Between "will" and "shall"Woof or Weft?

Ethical Principles And Practices In Space Exploration Assignment

Ethical Principles And Practices In Space Exploration - Assignment Example Additionally, NASA holds a favorable balance of risks and benefits that ensure the benefits far outweighs risks(Hacker, Diegel-Vacek, & Piano, 2015). Lastly, NASA adopts respect for the autonomy of the astronauts’ participation, fairness as well as fidelity to the astronauts. Nevertheless, NASA has the mandate of protecting astronauts’ health data as a matter of privacy.The above report on concerns about health standards, ethical responsibilities, and decision-making framework for NASA's space exploration has critical implications for the Advanced Practice Nurses (APN). APN primary obligations involve offering new methods of delivering cost-effective healthcare and making practitioners easily accessible by patients. The report brings out challenging aspects of healthcare that may make APN redefine the risks an astronaut experiences while in the space. Clearly, APN may be clueless of the specific risk factors and their magnitude because stakeholders know little about the space. Similarly, it affects the codes of American Nurses Association (ANA). According to provision six of ANA ethics code, nurse participates in maintaining, establishing, and improving healthcare conditions and environments of employment. It is for the delivery of quality health care that is consistent with the professional values through collective and individual action(Nursingworld.org, 2015). Therefore, ANA needs to understand the nature of space exploration employment to enable it provides proper healthcare standards for it.

Muath Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Muath - Assignment Example Some of the uses of Facebook have been explained in this report in details. The report also explains the different social networking websites. The report then compares their functionalities with those of Facebook. Also, the differences between the different social networking websites and Facebook are identified and stated against each of the social networking website. The report further explains the context in which the social networks operate and the kind of users who make use of them. The report explains why the development of the social networking needs to be used and understood in our modern world. With the emergence of a number of social networks, there is a need to know which particular site is used for what purpose and which particular site to use for another purpose. The problems associated with having too many friends in Facebook have also been explained. It has been noted that, the use of Facebook has brought harm and benefit to society. Facebook users have been a target by criminals who obtain information about their whereabouts. Facebook has also been a challenge of handling the privacy issues. The benefits of Facebook can also be enjoyed by many since it has enabled the fast transfer of social information, sharing articles and updating on events. Facebook is a networking service for the society to communicate together. In this website, we can register as users then we can add friends, photos and videos, share links and games and exchange comments and messages. It has many features that are released time to time such as how would you like to receive the notifications, voice and video calls and the timeline page feature (Kirkpatrick, 2011). Facebook is one of the major set of social networking software used today on our society. It became into existence in 2004. Three college students led by Mark Zuckerberg came up with the idea of creating a platform in the form of a website where other students

LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE - Essay Example are deemed to be non-conforming, whether in terms of type or condition, the buyer has the right to sue and, on that basis, reject the goods.3 This is also emphasised in SOGA (1979) 14.2A and 14.2B, where the buyer is required to supply goods which meet the contractual description and which are in such a condition as would allow the buyer to use them for the purpose for which he purchased them.4 Articles 15(A) and 15(B) further defines the delivery of defective goods as a breach of contract which entitles the buyer to repudiate the contract.5 However, the circumstances of this particular case suggest that Sweet cannot be held liable for breach of contract while the carrier most likely can be. According to the facts of the case, Sweet delivered the shipper conforming goods. He further satisfied the reminder of his CIF obligations to the buyer, by insuring the goods, arranging for their delivery to the port agreed upon, providing the buyer with a reasonable delivery time,6 arranging for custom clearance and sending Baxwell the requisite documents. These are the obligations which a seller must satisfy as per both CIF and FOB terms.7 Just as CIF and FOB terms impose certain obligations upon the seller, they are equally articulate in their definition of the buyer’s obligations. Assuming that the seller has fulfilled his obligations, both CIF and FOB terms further stipulate that even if the goods are damaged, or lost, the buyer is obligated to pay for them and to accept delivery of goods at the port of destination.8 Therefore, as far as the case at hand is concerned, Baxwell is obliged to accept the documents, take delivery of the goods and satisfy his financial obligations towards Sweet. As established in Kwei Tek Chao (t/a Zung Fu Co) v British Traders Shippers Ltd (1954)9 the buyer can only repudiate the sale of goods contract and reject delivery of goods if the goods which the seller supplied were non-conforming, in type, condition or quality and not if

Targeted Drug Delivery for Sex Dependent Cancers

Targeted Drug Delivery for Sex Dependent Cancers Occurring cancer in any part of the human body such as lung, kidney, skin and etc. has a different incidence ratio between men and women. sex dependent cancers have seen just in male or female which is dependent to sex hormones and specific sex organs such as prostate cancer in male and Ovary and endometrial cancers in female, breast cancer is seen in both sex with 5% incidence in male. Despite of a self-explaining differentiation between the sex organs, since these organs functions are regulated by same hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone similarities in cell signaling and pathways via molecular interactions are highlighted for cancer studies and targeted therapy. Targeted drug delivery for sex dependent cancers has been studied for many years, but exploring similarities of sex-dependent cancers targeting could provide an opportunity for future targeted drug delivery of these cancers simultaneous effects analysis. Breast Cancer: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and cause of death among women worldwide during the past decades. To improve diagnosis, therapy and prevention of BC, molecular developments provide various techniques for scientist to study and differentiate BC cell lines as well as observe different phenotype of BC. They classified BC to three main subtypes: estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER) positive, epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) positive, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER) positive: In BC subtypes of ER+, the overexpression of estrogen receptors on breast cells and nucleus membranes cause the over uptake of estrogen [1]. Many studies showed that estrogen receptors could be targeted for anti-cancer delivery to breast cells. Some estrogen receptor targeted drugs now use in clinical therapy like tamoxifen from the family of SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) which are competitive agonist of the estrogen receptor [2]. Arimidex, Fareston (Toremifene), Anastrozole, Exemestane, anastrozole, letrozole [3], [4],[5]  Fulvestrant [6]  are now in market. Other estrogen receptor targeted drug is a family of aromatase Inhibitors (AI) that suspend the estrogen production. The third-generation aromatase inhibitors are classified into irreversible steroidal inhibitors and they have shown high potential to replace tamoxifen in postmenopausal women such as Exemestane, anastrozole, letrozole[2,4 ,5]. SERDs (selective estrogen receptor down-regulators) is another estrogen targeted that only drug with FDA approved is fulvestrant on the name of Faslodex used in metastatic hormone positive breast cancer [6]. HER2 positive: This breast cancer subtype is referred to overexpression of erbB2 (HER2) from the epidermal growth factor receptor family on breast cells membranes [7]. Anti HER2 agent has studied for targeted therapy of this subtype. Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab and pertuzumab are widely used for HER2 positive breast cancer and any other HER2 positive cancers [8],  [9],  [10]. Some monoclonal antibodies are under further clinical trials studies like ertumaxomab and margetuximab  [11]  .Her2 Vaccine is now under further studies [11]. Triple Negative breast cancer (TNBC): These subtype tumors do not express receptors for estrogen or progesterone and not overexpress the HER2 receptor. TNBC is a malignant cancer with the high rate of incidence in younger age and it grows faster with the high potential of metastasis in early stage while it is unlikely to be seen on annual mammogram [12]. Not only patients with TNBC almost show poor prognosis compare to other subtypes, but also during therapy they are at the higher risk of relapse, metastasis, and survival [13]. Since the clinical trial of some designed drug were not successful, no commercialized drug and therapy for this subtype still exists. Endometrial Cancer: Endometrial Cancer (EC) begins in the uterus cells of the endometrium layer. Mostly surgery including hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) and removal of ovaries and lymph nodes is the only way to cure the EC if biopsies show that cancer has not spread, no other treatment is needed. According to clinic pathological characteristics, EC is classified to two subtype. Estrogen-dependent endometrioid and estrogen-independent non-endometrioid carcinoma. [14],  [15]. Estrogen-independent EC shows p53 and p16 mutations, overexpression of HER2 and E-cadherin loss [16]. Most of the diagnosed EC tumor are estrogen-dependent that express estrogen receptor and hormonal therapy with progestron is a primary line [17]. Since EC Type I express estrogen receptor the like ER+ BC mentioned previously, targeted therapies for EC are SERM, AI and GnRH inhibitors. Tamoxifen (as SERM) and anastrazole (as AI) commonly used. Anti-angiogenesis drugs are efficiently used for EC like Aflibercept, Abitrexate (Methotrexate) is an only trial drug for EC. Prostate Cancer: Prostate cancer is derived from the specific epithelial of secondary sex organs. Todays, the prostate cancer strategies of treatment is mostly based on suppressing testosterone level by anti-androgenic, gonadorelin agonist or antagonists [18]. Despite of the unknown active mutation in oncogenic pathways in prostate cancers subsets, some molecules express specifically in prostate epithelial cells which have been studied as therapeutic targets including; cell surface prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), the secreted protease prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and the enzyme prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). PSMA targeting: PSMA is an integral cell surface membrane protein and specifically over-expressed in advanced prostate cancers. PSMA has been studied in phase II trial as a targeted therapy via monoclonal antibody (J591) conjugated with radio and chemical compounds [19]. PSA: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mostly use as an indicator for primary diagnosis of prostate cancer. Gonadorelin antagonists can suppress testosterone and PSA, by then Degarelix (Firmagon) is now using for treatment in prostate cancer patients. ARN-509 antiandrogen is only used for prostate cancer with high level of PSA indication. PAP: Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is an enzyme produced by prostate and the amount increased in prostate cancer cells. In clinical studies PAP mostly used as an antigen for anti-tumor vaccines [20]. Ovarian Cancer: Ovarian Cancer is a 5th cause of cancer related death among women worldwide [21].Ovarian cancer has not yet been classified. It is poor diagnosed in stage I and in stage II,III,IV diagnosed by metastasis to other organs  [22]. Surgery and aggressive chemotherapy are currently the only way to treat the ovarian cancer. Many studies on targeted therapy for ovarian cancer by nano-carriers are undergoing. Although, in market there is nano-carriers like liposome that carried chemotherapeutic agents like doxorubicin; DOXIL (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome), Evacet (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome) [23]. Novel Targeted therapy: As previously has been mentioned, these cancers are mostly depended on sex hormones level, HER2 expression and other individual molecular marker indications. Almost all chemotherapy regiment have cytotoxic effect on non-cancer cells and caused the chemotherapy side effects. If these chemotherapy regiment could be conjugated with marker to specific targets of cancer cells the result would be cytotoxicity of drug just for cancer cells and no more side effects for healthy cells. This conjugation can be followed by protein based interactions like antigen- antibody mechanism or ligand-receptor affinity. Today novel therapeutical aims are trying to conjugate monoclonal antibodies with drugs which is called antibody-drug conjugated (ADC). Other novel targeted therapy is to conjugate the peptide or protein with drug (PDC). Both ADC and PCD are the subtype of protein drug conjugated approach. The result of covalent conjugation of drug with antibody or peptide is another novel strategy of prod rug in which after delivered to cells would be cleaved by an enzyme and release active drug [24]. For targeted drug delivery for any drugs two main subjects should be considered; Carrier and Targets: Carriers: Antibody: In past decades, targeted drug delivery has been improved by development of antibodies against any identified targeted antigen. Not only antibodies can induce uptake of conjugated drug in targeted cells, but also they can enhance the role of complement-dependant cytotoxicity system to invade targeted cells. The potential of making almost any antigen as a target is an interesting properties of ADCs, however, just few of the human antibodies have shown a longer proper half-lives like IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4. Nearly 40 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been approved and develop not only for cancer but also for some autoimmune disease [25]. While antibodies have shown low loading capacity of drug, on molecule of antibodies are capable to conjugate with less than 3 molecules of drug, for improve ADCs efficacy drug should be highly potent. As mentioned previously, HER2 is overexpressed in breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancer that the anti-HER2 antibody can be used for targeted drug delivery. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) for HER2 positive is a conjugation of trastuzumab as an antibody and emtansine as cytotoxic compound and commercialized as TDM1. Other cytotoxic compound in conjugation with antibody is under further studies and clinical trial process like defucosylated trastuzumab [26],[27]. Lapatinib is commercialized drug from the family of Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKI) that target the intracellular binding site of HER and EGFR family [28]. In breast cancer antibodies of Anti-LIV1 mAb (hIgG1), Anti-GPNMB mAb (hIgG2), Anti-cripto mAb (hIgG1) in conjugation with drug Auristatin E and DM4 (maytansine) are now clinical Phase I. Anti-HER2 mAb (hIgG1) in conjugation with Emtansine-DM1 (maytansine) has been approved in early 2013 and used for metastatic breast cancer. Anti-TROP-2 mAb (mIgG1) in conjugation with SN-38 (irinotecan metabolite) is under further studies for triple negative breast cancer in Phase II clinical [29]. In prostate cancer Anti-PSMA mAb (hIgG1) in conjugation with Auristatin E (auristatin) is still on phase I clinical [30]. IgG1 ADC targets Folate receptor is in Phase 1 studies for ovarian cancer [31]. Protein/Peptide-drug conjugated (PDC): Proteins are sequences of amino acids with 3D or 4D structures that have vital responsibility in all alive cells. Protein has been studied as a carrier for drug due to its stability, longer half-life, biodegradability and easy modification for carry drug with no effect on its desirable function [32]. Protein which are widely used as for drug delivery are Transferrin and Albumin [33], Zein [34],  Elastin and Gelatine  [35], Gliadin and Legumin [36]. The conjugation of albumin with methotrexate has been studied preclinical for many cancers but it had shown effect on just bone and prostate cancer [37]. Conjugation of transferrin with N-alkylisatin derivatives had shown 10 times more efficient on breast cancer tumor in vivo [38]  and also conjugation with Artemisinin shown high toxicity for breast cancer in rat [39]. Gelatin conjugation with Gallic acid has been studied on prostate cancer [40]. Abraxane is an albumin conjugated with paclitaxel in phase I trial for metastatic breast cancer, prostate and ovarian cancer [41]. Peptide usually refers to a sequence of amino acids (up to 50) with just up to secondary structure [42]. Peptide ligand can be used for targeted receptors. However, peptides have short half-life and poor stability in serum as they can be degraded by protease, but peptides are smaller than antibodies and can easily penetrate the targeted cells and overcome biological barriers that the result would be the fast uptake of drug by targeted cells and also peptides have shown high drug loading potential  [43]. Acyclic RGD4C as peptide c(Cys-Phe-Cys-Asp-Gly-Arg-Cys-Asp-Cys) in conjugation with doxorubicin has been shown higher antitumor activity on metastatic breast cancer in vivo than doxorubicin alone [44]. Targets: Gonadotropin hormone receptor targeting: The overexpression of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) receptors has been well reported on many cancer tumors specially breast, ovary, endometrial and prostate cancer [45],[46]. LHRH analog is widely used as a supplementary drug in order to bind to the LHRH receptor [47]. LHRH agonist induce downregulation of LHRH and suppress sex steroid hormone. While, LHRH antagonist block the LHRH receptors and suppress LHRH and sex steroid releasing immediately [48],[49].  Prostate cancer drug in market like Degarelix (Firmagon) (ANTAGONISTS), Lupron, Leuprolide Acetate, Zoladex (Goserelin Acetate) are LHRH analog [50]. LHRH and its analogue as a peptide with a sequence of 10 amino acids have been studied as a targeted drug carrier. AEZS-108 (formerly known as AN-152) is an LHRH agonist conjugation with doxorubin which is shown anti-cancer activity in phase II clinical trial of gynaecological cancers and a promising result for prostate cancer [51]. LHRH also has been studied for carry cisplatin encapsulated in dextran nano-particle to breast cancer cells [52]. Compound uptake via an interaction between LHRH and its receptor and then endocytosis by cell membrane. As normal cells with no overexpression of LHRH receptor could not uptake the drug, side effects of toxic drug significantly has been reduced36. Growth factor targeting: Growth factor refers to substances that stimulate cells proliferation and differentiation by binding to their receptors which is tyrosine kinase activate other cell pathways. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors are two class of growth factors that have been studied for targeted therapy: Angiogenic pathway targeting: In all cancers, tumor growth and metastasis depend on angiogenesis pathway which activated by vascular endothelial growth factors. VEGF family and their receptors (VEGFR) have been studied for inhibition of tomur growth and metastasis as their overexpression had been seen in most of the malignant cancers [53]. The stimulation of VEGF not only induces cells mitosis and abort apoptosis, but also caused the chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance [54]. On the other hand, chemotherapy and radiotherapy could induce VEGF in tumor cells [55]. Hereby, today anti-VEGF drug have been added to chemotherapy regiment. Ovarian cancer cell lines has shown overexpress of VEGFR as well as breast cancer cell line like MDA-MB-453, and MDA-MB-231,T-47D,and MCF7  [56]. Studies on triple negative breast cancer cell lines; MDA-MB-453; have shown that overexpression of VEGF protected cancer cells from apoptosis and improved cell mitosis and invasion [57]. Treatment of MDA-MB-453 and MDA-MB-231 with anti-sense oligonucleotide inhibition of VEGF has shown over 50% decrease in invasion by Martigel assay [58]. Targeting VEGF has been studied in Phase I and II clinical by designing monoclonal anti-body directly against VEGF that shown suppressing metastasis relapsed in patients with breast cancer [59],  [60],  [61]. Now, Bevacizumab (Avastin ®) is a monoclonal anti-body that bind to VEGF that has studied in phase III trial for metastasis breast cancer. Successful result has been released in phase III trial studies E2100, AVADO, RIBBON-1 that have Bevacizumab as a supplement and chemotherapy regiment like paclitaxel, docetaxel, anthracycline-based as a first line treatment respectively  [62],  [63],  [64]. Epidermal growth factor targeting: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a factor that induce cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival by binding to its receptor (EGFR) with tyrosine kinase activity. The EGFR from ErbB family (also known as HER) has shown overexpression in cell surface of many cancers, especially breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. HER2 is a receptor with three domains of extracellular for ligand, transmembrane domain, and cytoplasmic domain with tyrosine kinase activity. The excess of HER2 on cell membrane and high tyrosine kinase activities induce the downstream signalling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR as well as JAK/STAT pathways which suppress apoptosis and promote proliferation and survival. HER2 is overexpressed in 15-30% of invasive breast cancers [65],  [66],  [67]. Cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix) are the two most advanced monoclonal anti-bodies targeting the extracellular domain of the receptor and inhibit ligand-receptor interaction and tyrosine kinase activity [68],  [69]. But an abnormal form of HER2 which has the lack of extracellular domain, known as P95, is still active but resistance to drug and antibodies that target the extracellular domain[70]. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) for HER2 positive is a conjugation of trastuzumab as an antibody and emtansine as cytotoxic compound and commercialized as TDM1. 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Photos and Images are More Powerful than Words Essay -- Argumentative

Images are More Powerful than Words The American Heritage College Dictionary defines the term image as â€Å"An optically or electronically formed representative reproduction of an object, esp. an optical reproduction formed by a lens or a mirror.† This is what is more commonly referred to as a picture. The definition of a word is â€Å"a sound or combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or a combination of morphemes.† In fact, there is a constant debate about the importance and significance of both forms of communication. Because either one can be interpreted and considered differently, depending on who the viewer or reader is, this debate has been ongoing for quite some time now. The power that images have over words is stated simply by Neil Postman’s â€Å"The Great Symbol Drain† as â€Å"one picture, we are told, is worth a thousand words† (515). So, one can take a stand in saying that images are more powerful than words, because they can be understood and interpreted differently by different people. One of the benefits of EOP Cultural Trip was the visit to the United Nations Building (UN), where there was a Mural that depicted the past, present and future achievements of the UN as an organization. The images contained in this Mural evoked so many different emotions at one time that they forced one to become completely overwhelmed and in total awe. The pictures of the Holocaust were more vivid than any that could have ever been imagined while reading any book or article on the same topic. The images depicted struggle, despair, hope, strength and determination of those who were involved in that tragedy. Everyone,... ...s, Madge Sinclair. Paramount Pictures Video, 1988. Class Film. Eng 1201-EB. Summer Session, 2002. â€Å"Image.† American Heritage College 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000. Image of Kofi A. Annan With Young Girl. EOP Cultural Trip to New York: United Nations Building, July 19, 2004. Mural of Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations. EOP Cultural Trip to New York: United Nations Building, July 19, 2004. Postman, Neil. â€Å"The Great Symbol Drain† The Presence of Others 3rd ed. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. Stephens, Mitchell. â€Å"By Means of the Visible; A Picture’s Worth† The Presence of Others 3rd ed. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. â€Å"Word.† American Heritage College 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.